![]() ![]() During the last few decades, the SFPs showed significant improvement in prophylactic activities, growth promotion, and feed conversion rate in broiler as well as laying hens ( Popov et al., 2021). Due to their encapsulation ability, the SFPs can reach the specific part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract easily. The mechanism of antibiotics as growth promoters is based on their interaction with intestinal microbiota ( Niewold, 2007). However, the researchers now believe that spore-forming probiotics (SFPs) are the best alternative among the available options ( Popov et al., 2021). The use of probiotics has been increased during the last few years, as they can improve the production performance and enhance the immune system ( Mingmongkolchai and Panbangred, 2018). Probiotics include different species, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast ( Iannitti and Palmieri, 2010). Due to their useful applications for animals and humans, probiotics were considered as a potential alternative to antibiotics ( Zorriehzahra et al., 2016). In recent years many researchers focused to find out some novel and beneficial replacements of antibiotics with the potential of promoting growth and preventing birds from pathogens ( Yadav et al., 2016). However, prohibiting the use of antibiotics caused a decrease in production, which suggested the urgent need to find a potential alternative to antibiotics. Due to all the problems associated with their use, antibiotics have been prohibited for the animal feed industry, and Sweden was the first country to ban them in 1986 ( Castanon, 2007). Many studies have now identified the presence of antibiotics in water and soil ( Jiang et al., 2013 Kim et al., 2017 Yang et al., 2011), and the excessive use of antibiotics enrich the environment with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes ( Franklin et al., 2016). Health issues related to the use of antibiotics have been systematically reviewed ( Muhammad et al., 2020). It was reported that the use of antibiotics in poultry feed caused diseases in humans, due to the development of drug-resistant strains of Campylobacter jejuni ( Iovine and Blaser, 2004). ![]() As more and more cases of antibiotic resistance emerged from all over the world, the controversy on their use became a global issue ( Cogliani et al., 2011). ![]() The excessive use of antibiotics produced resistance in animals’ microbiota, with the ability to transfer antibiotics resistant genes into human microbiota ( Mingmongkolchai and Panbangred, 2018). ![]() So, to provide a detailed understanding, the current review aimed to collect valuable references to describe the mechanism of action of spore-forming probiotics and their effect on all the key aspects of poultry production. Our laboratory has recently isolated a spore-forming bacterial strain, which has the potential to be used as a probiotic. Many studies have already used spore-forming probiotics to improve different parameters of poultry production. Although many cost-effective alternatives have been developed, currently, one of the most auspicious alternatives for poultry feed is spore-forming probiotics, which can exert more beneficial effects as compared to normal probiotics, because of their ability to withstand the harsh external and internal conditions which result in increased viability. Due to the bad aspects associated with the use of antibiotics, the pressure on poultry production prompted the efforts to find out suitable growth-promoting and disease-preventing alternatives. ![]()
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